10/30/2024

LVS in VLSI Physical Design with NETGEN: Episode -1




In this article, we delve into several important topics related to VLSI Physical Design, focusing on the comparison between Layout and Schematic. We explore the overall design flow and introduce the concept of Layout Versus Schematic (LVS), including its basics, purpose, and significance. The discussion also covers the process overview, typical challenges encountered in LVS, and strategies for identifying and debugging common issues. Additionally, we introduce NETGEN, an essential tool for netlist comparison, and explain the importance of the setup file and how valid filenames are defined. The video further provides a detailed breakdown of various NETGEN command types, including those used for running the tool, manipulating netlists, and performing netlist comparisons.

Design Flow & LVS :


In the nanometric era, designs are becoming more complex and chip sizes are growing. To make sure the design is correct, larger layout databases need to be checked during the physical verification process within the same tight project timelines.  If an error is found after the design is built, it will lead to costly mask changes and delays in releasing the SoC.  Physical verification ensures that the design layout matches the schematic and checks if the layout follows manufacturing rules from semiconductor fabrication labs, ensuring it can be produced correctly. 

DRC: It checks if the design layout follows the rules needed for it to be successfully manufactured by the fabrication lab. 

 LVS: It verifies that the design layout works the same way as the schematic (blueprint) of the design.

DRC does not guarantee that the layout will work as intended. It only checks if the layout follows the fabrication rules for error-free manufacturing. DRC focuses on ensuring the layout can be made correctly, but it doesn't confirm that the circuit  will perform as expected. The need for LVS came from this limitation, as LVS checks if the layout matches the intended circuit design.

Basics of LVS:

A EDA tool performs LVS using a set of code instructions. Those set of instructions are LVS rule deck. LVS rule deck guides the tool by providing necessary instructions and identifying required files for the process. 

 LVS is done in two steps : extraction and comparison.

The design inputs needed to run LVS include:

i. GDS layout of the design

ii. Schematic netlist of the design

iii. Cell definition file, including IP files and standard cells

iv. Pad reference file

The LVS rule deck is written in formats like SVRF i.e Standard Verification Rule Format or TVF i.e. TCL Verification Format and helps the tool extract the devices and connections of the circuit. It defines the layers used in the layout and  matches layer descriptions to their locations in the GDS file to identify electrically connected regions, known as nets. The rule deck also includes definitions of the device structures.

LVS Process Overview:

Circuit designers create a schematic using fundamental devices (resistors, transistors, etc.). - The schematic is converted into a netlist (e.g., SPICE format) for simulation and comparison. - Layout engineers generate a layout based on the schematic, considering placement, sizing, and design rules.  The layout is extracted into a netlist, which should represent the same circuit as the schematic.

Purpose of LVS:

Identifies errors introduced during the layout process. - The schematic is usually assumed to be correct because it's used for simulation. LVS is essential for checking manual corrections or verifying automated layout synthesis.

Challenges of LVS:

Errors in layout or synthesis can create incorrect circuits.  LVS helps pinpoint these issues. Full chip verification through simulation can be time-consuming and complex, so LVS is a quicker alternative.

Layout vs. Schematic Flow:

The LVS flow works in 2 major phase : Extraction & Comparison.



i. Extraction phase :

1. Verification tool takes the GDS file and breaks it down into basic design components like transistors, diodes, capacitors, and resistors.

2. These components are identified by recognizing the layers and shapes in the GDS file or by using cell definitions from the IP blocks or the LVS rule deck.

3. The tool also extracts connectivity information between these components from the GDS file.

4. During connectivity extraction, each electrical net is given a unique node number for easy identification. Net names can also be assigned based on text objects in the layout or control file.

5. This device and connectivity information is written into a layout netlist file, also called the layout extracted netlist. This step is known as extraction.

ii. Comparison phase:

1. The verification tool compares the electrical circuits from the schematic netlist and the layout extracted netlist using the LVS rule deck.

2. After a successful comparison, a one-to-one match between elements (like instances, nets, ports, and pins) in both netlists is established.

3. The goal is to ensure the layout accurately represents the functionality in the schematic.

4. If the netlists don't match, discrepancies are reported in an LVS result database, listing issues like incorrect nets, ports, or instances for debugging.


LVS Issues & Debug : 


The source SPICE netlist should match the SPICE netlist extracted from the layout.

 Common LVS Checks :

1. Compare the number of devices in both the schematic and layout.

2. Check the types of devices in the layout and schematic.

3. Compare the number of nets in the schematic and layout.

4. Compare the number of ports

5. Connectivity issues

6. Ambiguity points in the design

7. Cell comparison

Common LVS Issues:

1. Short : Shorts between different nets.


2. Power Short

3. Power Open

4. Power Short with signal : Multiple wires that should not be connected together become connected.

5. Signal Open: Wires/components that required to be connected are left floating/ partially connected

6. Deleted Instance : Accidental deletion of some particular instance

7. Missing Well Tap : Tap cells provide a substrate connection: n-well to VDD and p-sub to VSS.

8. Overlapping filler cells

9. Missing Filler Cells: Since filler cells provide power/ground and n-well continuity, missing filler cells will result in power/ground opens between the standard cells.

About Netgen:

Netgen is a Free and Open source tool. You can find all related information here

Netgen is a tool with two main functions:

i. Convert netlists between different formats.

ii.  Compare netlists to check if they are equivalent or identify differences.

Netlist Conversion is a simple process since most netlist formats are similar. Netlist Comparison (LVS) ensures that a VLSI layout matches the original schematic design. Netgen version 1.5 is considered complete and competitive with commercial-grade tools. Netgen Version 1.5.76 completes the major development of netgen as a commercial-grade tool. All remaining revisions will be bug fixes or minor enhancements. 

Netgen was written by Massimo Sivilotti, and eventually incorporated into the beginnings of the Tanner L-Edit suite of tools. However, the original code was left open source so it has been incorporated into the Tcl-based suite of tools like magic, IRSIM, and xcircuit by Tim Edwards, the owner of OpenCircuitDesign domain.

Our special Thanks goes to Tim Edwards.

Linux and Windows compatible versions are available at : http://opencircuitdesign.com/netgen/

We will work with Linux version only.

Running Netgen:

=> Command-line invocation:

  • netgen

-With no arguments, netgen will bring up a Tk console window with an interpreter prompt, waiting for command input from the user

  • netgen [-noconsole] [command_line]

- With argument -noconsole, there will be no console window, and the interpreter prompt will be in the terminal

  •  netgen lvs circuit1.spc circuit2.spc

- For batch-mode processing of multiple commands, put the commands into a file and source that file through the command line.

  •  netgen source batch_script.tcl

- For batch-mode processing of multiple commands, put the commands into a file and source that file through the command line

- Batch script will end by returning to the Tcl interpreter unless it ends with a "quit"

 => Running with Tk console :

  •  lvs circuit1 circuit2 [setup_file ] [logfile]


Netlist Manipulation Commands:

  • canonical valid_cellname

- Return a 2-item list containing the cell name and the file number of the cell indicated by valid_cellname.

  •  readnet [format] filename [filenum]

- Read a netlist file .

- Auto-detection first looks for files with standard extensions. If no file is found with a standard extention, then the file is checked for the initial character, which is always "*" in SPICE files and "|" in .sim files.

  • readlib format [filenum]

- Initialize a library module definition, where format is one of actel, spice, or xilinx. The library definitions need to be initialized prior to reading any netlist file that is to be rewritten as "writenet actel filename", "writenet xilinx filename", or as a SPICE netlist with the definitions from the library included in the file.

  •  writenet format filename

- Write a netlist file

  •  flatten valid_cellname

- Flatten a hierarchical cell.

  • flatten class [cellname] valid_cellname

- In this form of the flatten command, the whole cell database is searched for instances of the cell valid_cellname, which are then flattened by merging them into the parent cell.

  • model valid_cellname [model]

- Declare a cell to be specific model type.

- The supported low-level device model types are: nmos (3 or 4 port), pmos (3 or 4 port), pnp, npn, resistor, capacitor, diode, inductor, or xline. A low-level device can be treated as a subcircuit by declaring model to be subcircuit.

- A circuit declared to be model blackbox will only recognize the pin names and pin order but will otherwise ignore the subcell contents.

  • compare valid_cellname1 valid_cellname2

- Declare two cells for netlist comparison. Subcircuits that are not declared equivalent or that do not have the same name in both cells are flattened. Otherwise, subcircuit instances will be compared as black-box devices, without comparison of their contents.

  • compare hierarchical [valid_cellname1 valid_cellname2]

- Do a full hierarchical comparison.

- The first call must declare the two top-level cells valid_cellname1 and valid_cellname2.

- The cell hierarchy will be searched; all cells with matching names or cells that are declared equivalent will be saved in a stack.

  • equate [-list] [-unique] [elements|nodes|classes] name1 name2

- with option elements: equate two elements

- with option nodes: equate two nodes

- with option classes: equate two device classes.

In all cases the values of cell name2 are altered to match those of name1

  •  global valid_cellname netname [...]

- This command makes the net named netname in the hierarchy of cell valid_cellname into a global

node. The cell valid_cellname must exist in the database.

  • permute default

- This command is implicitly run at the beginning of every LVS run unless the setup file contains any "permute" command, in which case all permutations must be declared in the setup file. If the intent of the setup file is to modify the default values, then permute default should be put in the setup file before all other permute statements.

  • permute [transistors|resistors|capacitors]
  • permute [pins] valid_cellname pin1 pin2
  • permute forget valid_cellname pin1 pin2

- With option pins: permute pins pin1 and pin2 on device valid_cellname. If more than two pins may be permuted, this command may be issued multiple times between pairs of pins.

- With option forget: remove any permutation between pins pin1 and pin2 on device valid_cellname.

- With option transistors: enable transistor source/drain permutations for any device recognized as a MOSFET.

- With option resistors: enable permutations of resistor endpoints.

- With option capacitors: enable permutations of capacitor top and bottom plates. Because capacitor top and bottom plates have different parasitics, capacitor plate permutation is not normally enabled.

- With no options: enable transistor source/drain and resistor endpoint permutations.

  •  property default

- This command is implicitly run at the beginning of every LVS run unless the setup file contains any "property" command, in which case all properties must be declared in the setup file. If the intent of the setup file is to modify the default values, then property default should be put in the setup file before all other property statements.


  • property valid_cellname|device_name
  • property valid_cellname|device_name add { key type tolerance } ...
  • property valid_cellname|device_name remove [key ... ]
  • property valid_cellname|device_name tolerance { key tolerance } ...
  • property valid_cellname|device_name associate { key pin_name } ...
  • property parallel none|all
  • property parallel connected|open
  • property series none|all
  • property valid_cellname|device_name series|parallel enable|disable
  • property valid_cellname|device_name series|parallel { key combine_type } ...
  • property topology strict|relaxed

- with no options other than a valid cellname, return a list of triplets, each triplet being a list of three items representing a property of the cell. Items are, in order, the name (key) of the property, the type of property (which is one of string, integer, double, value, or expression), and the tolerance for checking (which is type-dependent). Note that properties of cells, as opposed to instances of cells, do not have values. The main purpose of the property command is to establish which device properties will be compared, and what will be the criterion for comparison. When no tolerance value is given, then the default tolerances of 0, for integer values, and 0.01 (1 percent) for floating-point values, will be assigned.

Watch the video lecture here:



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9/28/2024

Is it hard for an EEE student with no VLSI knowledge to learn physical design and analog layout design?



While transitioning from an EEE (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) background to learning physical design and analog layout design in VLSI can present certain challenges, it is certainly possible to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills with dedication and effort. Here are a few considerations:

1.Solid Foundation: Your EEE background should provide you with a strong foundation in electrical engineering concepts, digital logic design, semiconductor devices, and circuit analysis. This knowledge will be valuable as you delve into VLSI design.

Get the VLSI fundamentals here : HERE 

2. Learning Curve: Physical design and analog layout design are specialized areas within VLSI that require additional expertise beyond the foundational concepts. You will need to learn about the specifics of designing and laying out analog circuits, understanding various parasitic effects, and optimizing performance.

Physical Design in Analog and Digital Design : HERE 

3. Additional Learning Resources: Take advantage of online tutorials, textbooks, and courses specifically focused on physical design and analog layout design. These resources can help you understand the principles, methodologies, and best practices associated with these areas.

Some of the Self-Learning(Free) Turtorials for you

Learn Linux basics : HERE

TCL : HERE 

PERL : HERE

BASH : HERE

More redable/text articles in techsimplifiedtv.in

4. Hands-on Experience: Practice is crucial for gaining proficiency in physical design and analog layout design. Seek out opportunities for hands-on experience, such as internships, projects, or research work that involve VLSI design. Working with industry-standard tools and collaborating with experienced professionals can accelerate your learning.

5. Mentorship and Guidance: Consider seeking guidance from experienced professionals or mentors who specialize in VLSI design. Their expertise and insights can provide valuable guidance throughout your learning journey.

6. Persistence and Dedication: Learning physical design and analog layout design can be challenging, but with persistence and dedication, you can overcome obstacles and improve your skills over time. Be prepared for a continuous learning process as technology and methodologies evolve in this field.

7. Join a community: Join a VLSI design community or forum, where you can interact with professionals in the field and get tips and advice on designing digital circuits.

Join this community : Telegram Group 

Remember that while a lack of prior knowledge in VLSI may require additional effort, it is not an insurmountable barrier. With a solid foundation in electrical engineering, a willingness to learn, and targeted efforts to gain expertise in physical design and analog layout design, you can acquire the necessary skills to pursue these areas successfully.


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What are the basic concepts needed to enter the embedded systems and VLSI fields?


To enter the embedded systems and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) fields, you need to have a strong foundation in several key concepts. Here are some of the basic concepts you should be familiar with:

1. Digital Electronics: Understand the fundamentals of digital logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, and basic digital design principles.

2. Microprocessors(MPU) and Microcontrollers(MCU): Learn about microprocessors (e.g., ARM, x86) and microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, PIC) and their architecture, instruction sets, memory organization, and interfacing techniques. Comprison among MPU, MCU & FPGA : HERE 

3. Programming Languages: Gain proficiency in low-level programming languages like C and assembly language, as they are commonly used in embedded systems development.

PERL in VLSI : HERE

TCL in VLSI : HERE

BASH in VLSI : HERE

Python in VLSI : HERE

4. Embedded Systems: Acquire knowledge of embedded system design, including real-time operating systems, device drivers, interrupts, timers, and communication protocols (e.g., UART, SPI, I2C). Understnad more : HERE

5. Analog and Digital Signal Processing: Understand the basics of analog and digital signal processing techniques, such as filtering, sampling, Fourier analysis, and signal conversion.

6.  VLSI Design: Familiarize yourself with the principles of VLSI design, including digital and analog integrated circuit design, layout design, fabrication processes, and timing considerations.

ASIC/VLSI Job Domains : HERE

7. Hardware Description Languages (HDL): Learn HDLs like Verilog or VHDL, which are used for designing and simulating digital circuits at the register-transfer level. 

Verilog in VLSI : HERE

8. Electronic Circuit Design: Develop skills in designing electronic circuits, including schematic capture, PCB layout design, component selection, and testing.

9. System-on-Chip (SoC) Design: Gain an understanding of SoC architecture, which integrates various components (e.g., CPU, memory, peripherals) onto a single chip.

10. Verification and Testing: Learn methodologies for verifying and testing digital designs to ensure their correctness and reliability.

11. Familiarity with Tools: Gain experience with industry-standard design tools, such as simulation tools (e.g., ModelSim, Cadence), synthesis tools, and layout design tools.

FOSS VLSI Installations : HERE

12. Project Experience: Undertake practical projects or internships to gain hands-on experience in designing, implementing, and testing embedded systems or VLSI circuits.

Remember that these are just the foundational concepts. As you delve deeper into the field, you will encounter more advanced topics, such as low-power design, system optimization, FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) programming, and advanced signal processing algorithms. Continuous learning, staying updated with industry trends, and engaging in practical projects are essential to build expertise in embedded systems and VLSI.


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How to select college based on good placement and knowledge gain ?





There are some important factor to consider various factors before making a decision to join any college or university.

1. Placement Opportunities: Research the placement records of both institutions to get an idea of the companies that visit the campuses for recruitment. Look for information on the average salary packages, industry connections, and alumni network.

2. Curriculum and Faculty: Compare the course curriculum and faculty profiles of the VLSI programs offered at both universities. Check if the faculty members are experienced in the field and if they have relevant industry exposure.

3. Research and Industry Collaboration: Look for opportunities for research and industry collaboration at both institutions. Check if they have tie-ups with reputed industries, research labs, or centers of excellence, as these can provide valuable exposure and networking opportunities.

4. Infrastructure and Facilities: Consider the infrastructure and facilities available on both campuses, such as well-equipped laboratories, libraries, and access to advanced tools and software relevant to VLSI. 

5. Alumni Network: Reach out to alumni from both institutions and inquire about their experiences, placements, and overall satisfaction with the program. An active and supportive alumni network can be beneficial for your career growth.

6. Location: Consider the location of the campuses and assess if you have any personal preferences. Take into account factors like proximity to industry hubs, cost of living, and lifestyle preferences.

Ultimately, the "best" campus for you will depend on your personal priorities and goals. It's recommended to visit both campuses if possible, talk to current students, faculty, and alumni, and gather as much information as you can to make an informed decision.



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How hard is it to get into an big ASIC company like Nvidia or Intel as a chip designer?

Getting into a leading ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) company like Nvidia or Intel as a chip designer can be challenging due to the high level of competition and the specialized skill set required. However, with the right qualifications, experience, and determination, it is certainly achievable. Here are some factors to consider:

1. Education: A strong educational background is crucial for entering the ASIC industry. Most chip designers hold at least a bachelor's/master's  degree in electrical engineering(EE and ECE) , computer engineering (CSE) , or a related field (MTech/MSc in VLSI). Some positions may require an advanced degree, such as a Ph.D., especially for more specialized roles. 

You may appyly for internship in DIY way : HERE  

2. Relevant Skills: ASIC design requires proficiency in digital design, computer architecture, integrated circuit design, and verification methodologies. Strong knowledge of hardware description languages (HDLs) like Verilog or VHDL is essential. Additionally, familiarity with industry-standard tools and methodologies, such as CAD tools, scripting languages, and simulation tools, is highly valued.There are many free or open-source tools available, such as Vivado (Installation), Electric VLSI Design System, Icarus-Verilog (Installation ), Magic, NGSPICE (Installation) and OpenTimer (Installtion).

Verilog in VLSI : HERE 

Verilog-A Tutrial : HERE

3. Programming languages: Familiarize yourself with programming languages such as C,TCL PERL, BASH, and Python. These languages are commonly used in VLSI design and simulation. 

Some of the Self-Learning(Free) Turtorials : 

TCL : HERE

PERL :  HERE

BASH : HERE

4. Experience: Practical experience in ASIC design is highly beneficial. Internships, co-op programs, or research projects during your academic studies can provide valuable hands-on experience. Additionally, personal projects or open-source contributions related to chip design can help showcase your skills and passion.

5. Join a community: Join a VLSI design community or forum, where you can interact with professionals in the field and get tips and advice on designing digital circuits. Join this community : Telegram Group 

6. Portfolio and Projects: Developing a strong portfolio that highlights your relevant projects and accomplishments is crucial. This can include academic projects, personal designs, or contributions to open-source projects. A well-documented portfolio can demonstrate your capabilities and differentiate you from other candidates.

7. Continuous Learning: The semiconductor industry is constantly evolving, so it's important to stay updated with the latest technologies, design methodologies, and industry trends. Demonstrating a commitment to lifelong learning and professional development can enhance your prospects.

8. Persistence and Perseverance: Landing a job at a top ASIC company may require persistence. It's important to remain dedicated, apply to multiple positions, and be prepared for potential rejections. Keep honing your skills, learning from experiences, and seeking feedback to improve. 

In case you are facing Interview Blues see this : HERE 

Remember that the hiring process may vary between companies. Some may require multiple rounds of technical interviews, including coding and design exercises, while others may emphasize behavioral and cultural fit. Researching the specific requirements and expectations of the companies you're interested in will help you prepare accordingly. 

Know all about a company in this method : HERE 

Overall, while it can be challenging, with the right combination of education, skills, experience, networking, and perseverance, you can increase your chances of getting into an ASIC company like Nvidia or Intel as a chip designer.


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What is the salary structure of a newly joined VLSI engineer?

The salary structure of a newly joined VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) engineer can vary depending on several factors, including the location, company size, industry, educational background, skills, and experience of the individual. It's important to note that the following information is a general guideline, and actual salaries may differ.

In general, a newly joined VLSI engineer can expect a competitive salary, as the field of VLSI design and engineering is in high demand. In the United States, for example, the average base salary for an entry-level VLSI engineer typically ranges from $70,000 to $100,000 per year. However, this can vary significantly based on factors such as the region (Silicon Valley tends to have higher salaries), the company (large tech companies often offer higher salaries), and the individual's qualifications.

In India Fresher-CTC/Salary Package Dependencies discussed : HERE  

Salary/CTC Incremnt for VLSI Engineers in India discussed :  HERE 

In addition to the base salary, many companies offer additional benefits and bonuses. These can include health insurance, retirement plans, stock options, performance bonuses, EPF, NPF and other perks. The specific benefits offered can vary depending on the company and the individual's employment agreement.

It's worth noting that salaries for VLSI engineers can increase significantly with experience and expertise. As engineers gain more experience, specialize in specific areas, and demonstrate strong skills in VLSI design, verification, or other related domains, they can expect their salaries to increase accordingly. 

Also job switch can increase/give long-jump in Salary : HERE 

To get a more accurate understanding of the salary structure for a newly joined VLSI engineer in a specific location and industry, it's best to research job listings, consult industry salary surveys, or reach out to professionals already working in the field. Company specific information can be viewed in this method : HERE



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What is the significance of the SDC in VLSI?


SDC contains "Design Constraints" in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) design. It is a file format used to specify timing, physical, and other constraints that guide the synthesis and implementation tools during the design process. The SDC file plays a crucial role in ensuring that the design meets the desired performance, functionality, and manufacturability requirements.

The significance of the SDC in VLSI design can be summarized as follows:

1. Timing Constraints: The SDC file specifies timing constraints that define the timing relationships between different elements in the design, such as clocks, data paths, and sequential elements. Timing constraints are essential to ensure correct operation and functionality of the circuit and to meet the required performance targets. These constraints help in achieving setup time, hold time, and other critical timing requirements.

2. Clock Constraints: SDC includes clock-related constraints, such as clock frequency, clock uncertainty, and clock latencies. Properly defining clock constraints ensures that the design's clocking scheme is well-planned, and the clock distribution across the chip is optimized.

3. Physical Constraints: In addition to timing constraints, SDC also includes physical constraints like placement constraints, routing constraints, and area constraints. These constraints guide the physical design tools in placing and routing the components of the design on the chip effectively. Proper physical constraints ensure that the chip is designed efficiently with minimum congestion and meets the required area targets.

4. Design Optimization: SDC plays a crucial role in optimization efforts during synthesis and implementation. By providing constraints on various aspects of the design, it allows the tools to explore different design possibilities and find the optimal trade-offs between performance, power consumption, and area utilization.

5. Verification and Signoff: The SDC file is used extensively in the design verification process. It enables timing analysis and verification to ensure that the design meets all the specified constraints and that potential timing violations are identified and resolved. Additionally, the SDC file is part of the design signoff process, where the design is reviewed and approved for manufacturing.

6. Design Reuse: SDC files are valuable for design reuse. Engineers can modify or adapt an existing design for a different technology node or application by updating the constraints in the SDC file accordingly.

For technical details, file format and commands : HERE 

Overall, the SDC file is a critical element in the VLSI design flow, as it defines the design intent and ensures that the final chip meets the performance and physical requirements. Properly defining constraints in the SDC file is essential for a successful and efficient VLSI design process.

Most companies prefer experienced candidate . How to get job as a fresher ?

 


It can be challenging to break into the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) industry as a fresher, but it's not impossible. Here are some strategies to help you overcome the "lack of experience" hurdle and increase your chances of landing your first VLSI job:

1. Improve Your Skills: Focus on enhancing your VLSI skills. Consider taking online courses or certifications in VLSI design, FPGA programming, digital circuit design, or related areas. Building a strong technical foundation can make you a more attractive candidate.

2. Acquire basic knowledge: Start by learning the basic concepts of digital electronics and computer architecture. It will be helpful to have a strong foundation in electronics, digital systems, and integrated circuits. You can take courses in electrical engineering or computer science or read books on these topics.

Get the VLSI fundamentals : HERE  

3. Learn a HDL & Linux-Basics : Learn one of the hardware description languages (HDLs), such as Verilog or VHDL, that are used to describe digital systems. HDLs are used to design and simulate digital circuits and are essential in VLSI design.

You can start with Verilog :  HERE 

Learn Linux basics : HERE

4. Learn programming languages: Familiarize yourself with programming languages such as C,TCL PERL, BASH, and Python. These languages are commonly used in VLSI design and simulation.

Some of the Self-Learning(Free) Turtorials for you

TCL : HERE 

PERL : HERE 

BASH : HERE

Python : HERE 

5. Practice with design tools: Familiarize yourself with the design tools used in VLSI, such as Cadence, Synopsys, or Mentor Graphics. You can use these tools to create and simulate digital circuits. There are many free or open-source tools available, such as Vivado (Installation), Electric VLSI Design System, Icarus-Verilog (Installation), Magic, NGSPICE (Installation) and OpenTimer (Installtion).


6. Projects and Portfolio: Work on personal VLSI projects to showcase your skills. Create detailed project documentation, including design specifications, schematics, code, and results. Include these projects in your portfolio, skills and mention them in your resume and cover letter.

7. Internships and Co-op Programs: Look for internships or co-op programs in VLSI-related roles. These opportunities often require less experience and can serve as a stepping stone to a full-time position. Even if the internship is unpaid or low-paying, the experience gained is invaluable.

Try this DIY method for internship : HERE 

8. Networking: Attend VLSI-related conferences, workshops, and seminars. Network with professionals in the field and express your enthusiasm for a career in VLSI. Building connections can lead to job referrals and opportunities.Join a VLSI design community or forum, where you can interact with professionals in the field and get tips and advice on designing digital circuits.

Join this community : Telegram Group 

9. Career Fairs and Job Portals: Attend job fairs and use online job portals to search for entry-level VLSI positions. Apply to as many relevant positions as possible, and tailor your resume and cover letter to each job description.

10. LinkedIn Profile: Optimize your LinkedIn profile to highlight your skills and enthusiasm for VLSI. Follow VLSI companies, join VLSI-related groups, and engage in discussions and posts to increase your visibility.

11. Certifications: Consider earning certifications in VLSI tools and technologies such as Cadence, Synopsys, or Mentor Graphics. These certifications can demonstrate your proficiency with industry-standard tools.

12. Seek Feedback: If you receive rejection letters or feedback from interviews, take it as an opportunity to learn and improve. Ask for specific feedback on how you can enhance your qualifications and address any weaknesses.

Maintain your mental balance : HERE 

13. Target Startups and Smaller/Services Based Companies:

Smaller companies and startups may be more open to hiring candidates with less experience. They often offer a chance to wear multiple hats and gain diverse experience. Choose your domain correctly : HERE

14. Soft Skills: Highlight your soft skills such as problem-solving, teamwork, communication, and adaptability. These qualities are important in any engineering role.

15. Persistence and Patience: Landing your first job in a specialized field like VLSI can take time. Be persistent and patient, and keep applying to relevant positions.

Remember that the job search process can be competitive, especially in specialized fields like VLSI. Stay motivated, keep learning, and continue to build your skills and experience. Over time, your dedication and efforts will increase your chances of breaking into the VLSI industry as a fresher.


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What is the difference between an ECE and an EE degree for analog integrated circuit ?




An analog IC (Integrated Circuit) design engineer is responsible for designing, developing, and testing analog circuits that are used in electronic devices. Analog circuits deal with signals that vary continuously, as opposed to digital circuits that deal with signals that have only two states (on or off).

The specific responsibilities of an analog IC design engineer can vary depending on the company and the specific project, but generally include the following:

Designing and developing analog circuits using tools such as SPICE simulation software, schematic capture, and layout tools.

Conducting research to identify and evaluate new technologies and materials that can be used in the design of analog circuits.

Collaborating with other engineers and professionals, such as digital IC designers, PCB designers, and test engineers, to ensure that the analog circuit meets the requirements and specifications of the overall system. 

Best practices mentioned : HERE  

Conducting thorough testing and verification of the analog circuit to ensure that it meets the required performance, power, and area (PPA) metrics. 

PPA explained : HERE 

Debugging and troubleshooting issues that arise during the design and testing process.

Various industry standard parctice are disscussed : HERE  

Overall, the role of an analog IC design engineer is critical in ensuring that electronic devices function properly and meet the required specifications for their intended use.

Both Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) and Electrical Engineering (EE) degrees can lead to careers in analog integrated circuit design, but there are some differences in their focus and curriculum that can affect your preparation and career prospects in this field.

Electrical Engineering (EE):

Core Focus: EE programs typically provide a broad foundation in electrical engineering principles, including analog and digital electronics, electromagnetics, power systems, control systems, and signal processing.

Analog IC Design: EE programs often offer courses in analog electronic circuits and semiconductor devices, which are crucial for analog IC design. However, the depth of coverage in analog IC design may vary from one program to another.

Career Flexibility: EE degrees can offer more flexibility in terms of course selection. You may have the option to specialize in analog integrated circuit design through electives or projects.


Electrical and Communications Engineering (ECE):

Core Focus: ECE programs combine electrical engineering and computer science elements, covering topics such as digital systems, computer architecture, communication systems, and embedded systems alongside traditional electrical engineering subjects.

Analog IC Design: While ECE programs may include analog IC design courses, they might not go as in-depth as dedicated EE programs. ECE graduates might have a broader skill set that encompasses both analog and digital aspects of integrated circuit design.

Interdisciplinary Skills: ECE graduates often have a strong background in computer engineering, which can be advantageous in the modern world of mixed-signal and system-on-chip (SoC) design.

Career Flexibility: ECE graduates are well-positioned for careers in both analog and digital IC design, as well as in fields like communications, embedded systems, and computer engineering.


In present days we have a more broder aspect of  Analog VLSI design, digital VLSI design, and analog-digital mixed-signal (ADMS) design are all important aspects of modern integrated circuit (IC) design. 

Each of these design approaches has its unique features and design challenges. Here's a brief comparison of the three:

Analog VLSI Design: Analog VLSI design deals with the design of analog circuits that perform continuous signal processing tasks. Analog circuits are used in a wide range of applications, including signal amplification, filtering, and power management. The design of analog circuits requires a deep understanding of semiconductor physics and device behavior, as well as an ability to deal with non-linearities and noise. Analog VLSI designers must also be skilled in layout design, as physical layout can have a significant impact on circuit performance.

Digital VLSI Design: Digital VLSI design is concerned with the design of digital circuits that perform discrete signal processing tasks. Digital circuits are used in a wide range of applications, including computation, communication, and control. Digital circuits are based on binary logic and are designed using high-level hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog or VHDL. Digital VLSI designers must be skilled in digital logic design, timing analysis, and verification, as well as physical layout.

Learn About Digital VLSI Domains : HERE 

Learn more about Analog and Digital Physical Design : HERE 

Analog-Digital Mixed Signal Design: ADMS design involves the integration of both analog and digital circuits on a single chip. This approach is becoming increasingly important as more and more applications require both analog and digital signal processing capabilities. ADMS designers must be skilled in both analog and digital design, as well as the techniques required to interface between the two domains. ADMS design is particularly challenging because the performance of analog circuits can be affected by digital circuitry on the same chip, and vice versa.

Learn More About , Analog and AMS VLSI Domains : HERE 

In summary, the choice between an ECE and an EE degree for analog integrated circuit design depends on your specific career goals and interests. If you want to specialize primarily in analog IC design and have access to dedicated coursework in this area, an EE program might be a better fit. On the other hand, if you're interested in a broader skill set that includes both analog and digital design and potentially other areas of electrical engineering, an ECE program can provide that versatility. Ultimately, the specific courses and opportunities offered by the institutions you're considering should guide your decision.


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What is CMOS and BIOS in VLSI?



CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) and BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) are two important concepts in the field of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), specifically related to semiconductor technology and computer systems. Let's delve into each of these concepts:

1. CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-semiconductor) : 

CMOS refers to a type of semiconductor technology used in designing and fabricating integrated circuits (ICs). It's a common technology used for constructing digital logic circuits and memory elements in VLSI chips. CMOS technology is known for its low power consumption, high noise immunity, and ability to integrate a large number of transistors onto a single chip.

The key characteristics of CMOS include:

Complementary: CMOS logic gates consist of both n-type (negatively charged) and p-type (positively charged) MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) transistors, which work in pairs to achieve efficient power consumption and reduced leakage current. CMOS Switiching Basics : https://youtu.be/-FYFRrnIunE

Low Power Consumption: CMOS circuits consume power only when they switch states, making them highly power-efficient for portable devices and battery-powered systems. CMOS Low power design : HERE

High Noise Immunity: The complementary nature of CMOS gates provides good noise immunity, making them suitable for reliable digital signal processing.

High Integration Density: CMOS technology allows for densely packing a large number of transistors on a chip, enabling complex functionalities. 

CMOS Latchup in VLSI : HERE


2. BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):

BIOS is a firmware interface that's present in the system's motherboard or embedded within a microcontroller. It provides a way for the computer's hardware and software to interact during the boot-up process and facilitates basic system operations. BIOS was traditionally used in older computer systems but has been largely replaced by newer technologies like UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface).

Key functions of BIOS include:

Power-On Self-Test (POST): BIOS performs a series of tests on hardware components to ensure they are functioning properly.

Boot Sequence: BIOS manages the boot sequence of the computer, initiating the loading of the operating system from a designated storage device.

System Configuration: BIOS provides options for configuring hardware settings such as the CPU clock speed, memory timings, and other system parameters.

Peripheral Initialization: BIOS initializes and configures various peripherals connected to the motherboard, such as hard drives, graphics cards, and USB devices.

It's important to note that while BIOS and CMOS technology are related to computer systems and semiconductor technology, they address different aspects. BIOS focuses on the firmware that facilitates system initialization, while CMOS refers to the semiconductor technology used to fabricate digital logic circuits. Additionally, as technology has evolved, newer systems often use UEFI instead of traditional BIOS.



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